If you need to uncover information like frequency, noise, amplitude, or any other characteristic that might change over time, you need an oscilloscope! They allow you to see electric signals as they vary over time, which can be critical in diagnosing why your 555 timer circuit isn't blinking correctly, or why your noise maker isn't reaching maximum annoyance levels. It's broken down into the following sections: Other o-scopes may look different, but they should all share a similar set of control and interface mechanisms. Check out the tutorial if you want to learn more! Direct Current (DC) Most scopes produce a two-dimensional graph with time on the x-axis and voltage on the y-axis. A signal (the yellow sine wave in this case) is graphed on a horizontal time axis and a vertical voltage axis. There are also controls to set the trigger on the scope, which helps focus and stabilize the display. In general a scope can measure both time-based and voltage-based characteristics: And the period is the reciprocal of that (number of seconds each repeating waveform takes). The maximum frequency a scope can measure varies, but it's often in the 100's of MHz (1E6 Hz) range. The duration of a wave going from a low point to a high point is called the rise time, and fall time measures the opposite. These characteristics are important when considering how fast a circuit can respond to signals. There are a variety of amplitude measurements including peak-to-peak amplitude, which measures the absolute difference between a high and low voltage point of a signal. Peak amplitude, on the other hand, only measures how high or low a signal is past 0V. These characteristics help define how well you might expect a scope to perform: No scope is perfect though: they all have limits as to how fast they can see a signal change. The bandwidth of a scope specifies the range of frequencies it can reliably measure. Analog scopes use an electron beam to directly map the input voltage to a display.
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Digital scopes incorporate microcontrollers, which sample the input signal with an analog-to-digital converter and map that reading to the display. Generally analog scopes are older, have a lower bandwidth, and less features, but they may have a faster response (and look much cooler). Each signal read by a scope is fed into a separate channel. Two to four channel scopes are very common. For scopes that have more than one channel, this value may decrease if multiple channels are in use. The rise time of a scope is very closely related to the bandwidth.Scopes should all be rated with a maximum input voltage. If your signal exceeds that voltage, there's a good chance the scope will be damaged. This value can change as the vertical scale is adjusted. This value is listed in volts per div. This value is listed in seconds per div. Every oscilloscope will add a certain impedance to a circuit it's reading, called the input impedance. The impact of input impedance is more apparent when measuring very high frequency signals, and the probe you use may have to help compensate for it. But you still have to know how to use it.onto the next page! On this page we'll discuss a few of the more common systems of an oscilloscope: the display, horizontal, vertical, trigger, and inputs. The scale of those divisions are modified with the horizontal and vertical systems. The vertical system is measured in “volts per division” and the horizontal is “seconds per division”. Generally, scopes will feature around 8-10 vertical (voltage) divisions, and 10-14 horizontal (seconds) divisions. More modern scopes feature multicolor LCD screens, which are a great help in showing more than one waveform at a time. These buttons can be used to navigate menus and control settings of the scope. Rotating the knob clockwise will decrease the scale, and counter-clockwise will increase. Fully “zoomed out”, the scope can show a waveform ranging over 40V.
(The probe, as we’ll discuss below, can further increase this range.) Rotate the knob clockwise, and the wave will move down, counter-clockwise will move it up the display. You can use the position knob to offset part of a waveform off the screen. So zoomed all the way in on the horizontal scale, the scope can show 28nS of a waveform, and zoomed way out it can show a signal as it changes over 700 seconds. You can zoom out, and show multiple peaks and troughs of a signal: The trigger tells the scope what parts of the signal to “trigger” on and start measuring. If your waveform is periodic, the trigger can be manipulated to keep the display static and unflinching. A poorly triggered wave will produce seizure-inducing sweeping waves like this: The level knob can be twisted to set a trigger to a specific voltage point. Their main purpose is to select the trigger source and mode. There are a variety of trigger types, which manipulate how the trigger is activated: It will key the oscilloscope to start measuring when the signal voltage passes a certain level. An edge trigger can be set to catch on a rising or falling edge (or both). You can specify the duration and direction of the pulse.These waves use a unique synchronizing pattern at the beginning of every frame. In automatic trigger mode, the scope can attempt to draw your waveform even if it doesn’t trigger. Normal mode will only draw your wave if it sees the specified trigger. And single mode looks for your specified trigger, when it sees it it will draw your wave then stop. Probes are single-input devices that route a signal from your circuit to the scope. They have a sharp tip which probes into a point on your circuit. The tip can also be equipped with hooks, tweezers or clips to make latching onto a circuit easier. Every probe also includes a ground clip, which should be secured safely to a common ground point on the circuit under test.
Unfortunately, long wires all have intrinsic inductance, capacitance, and resistance, so, no matter what, they’ll affect scope readings (especially at high frequencies). Most of the “stock” passive probes are attenuated. Attenuating probes have a large resistance intentionally built-in and shunted by a small capacitor, which helps to minimize the effect that a long cable might have on loading your circuit. In series with the input impedance of a scope, this attenuated probe will create a voltage divider between your signal and the scope input. These probes are commonly called 10X attenuated probes. Many probes include a switch to select between 10X and 1X (no attenuation). If you’re trying to measure a very low-voltage signal, you may have to go with a 1X probe. You may also need to select a setting on your scope to tell it you’re using an attenuated probe, although many scopes can automatically detect this. Active probes are powered probes (they require a separate power source), which can amplify your signal or even pre-process it before it get to your scope. While most probes are designed to measure voltage, there are probes designed to measure AC or DC current. Current probes are unique because they often clamp around a wire, never actually making contact with the circuit. But there are some steps you can count on performing just about every time you test a circuit. On this page we'll show an example signal, and the steps required to measure it. For most signals, the simple passive probe included with your scope will work perfectly fine. If you're trying to measure a very low-voltage signal though, you may need to use 1X. Have some patience here, some scopes take as long to boot up as an old PC.
Ignoring those scales for now, make these adjustments to put your scope into a standard setup: Most scopes will have a built-in frequency generator that emits a reliable, set-frequency wave -- on the GA1102CAL there is a 1kHz square wave output at the bottom-right of the front panel. The frequency generator output has two separate conductors -- one for the signal and one for ground. Connect your probe's ground clip to the ground, and the probe tip to the signal output. Try fiddling with the horizontal and vertical system knobs to maneuver the waveform around the screen. You can also use the position knob to further locate your waveform. Make sure the trigger isn't higher than the tallest peak of your waveform. By default, the trigger type should be set to edge, which is usually a good choice for square waves like this. Most probes have a recessed screw head, which you can rotate to adjust the shunt capacitance of the probe. Compensation is only necessary if your probe is attenuated (e.g. 10X), in which case it's critical (especially if you don't know who used your scope last!). Go find a signal source ( frequency generator?, Terror-Min? ) and come back. Clasp your ground clip to a known ground, sometimes you may have to use a small wire to intermediate between the ground clip and your circuit's ground point. Then connect your probe tip to the signal under test. Probe tips exist in a variety of form factors -- the spring-loaded clip, fine point, hooks, etc. -- try to find one that doesn't require you to hold it in place all the time. When probing a circuit that is grounded to mains earth, make sure to connect your ground clip to the side of the circuit connected to mains earth. If the point the ground clip is connected to has a potential voltage difference you will create a direct short and can damage your circuit, your oscilloscope and possibly yourself. For extra safety when testing mains connected circuits, connect it to power through an isolation transformer.
If your signal is purely DC, you may want to adjust the 0V level near the bottom of your display. Edge triggering -- where the scope tries to begin its scan when it sees voltage rise (or fall) past a set point -- is the easiest type to use. Using an edge trigger, try to set the trigger level to a point on your waveform that only sees a rising edge once per period. Some scopes have more measurement tools than others, but they'll all at least have divisions, from which you should be able to at least estimate the amplitude and frequency. To get the most out of your scope, you'll want to explore all of the measure functions it supports. Most scopes will calculate frequency, amplitude, duty cycle, mean voltage, and a variety of other wave characteristics for you automatically. Cursors are on-screen, movable markers which can be placed on either the time or voltage axis. Cursors usually come in pairs, so you can measure the difference between one and the other. Some scopes also support saving, printing, or storing a waveform, so you can recall it and remember those good ol' times when you scoped that signal. If you're still unsure of what certain parts of your scope are for, first consult your user's manual. Here are some additional resources we recommend checking out as well: While it's specific to that scope, it still provides a nice overview of what similar scopes are capable of, and how they work. Need some inspiration. Here are some related tutorials we'd recommend checking out next! Our EAGLE series of tutorials how to use the freely available software to design your own circuit boards. Learn about these signal types and then scope them with your new skills! This device allows you to send analog signal from a digital source, like the I2C interface on the Arduino microcontroller. We'll assemble the board, then discuss some of the details of the circuit.
This hookup guide will go over all of the many available functions and gives the hardware rundown on what exactly is on this board. If you need to uncover information like frequency, noise, amplitude, or any other characteristic that might change over time, you need an oscilloscope! They allow you to see electric signals as they vary over time, which can be critical in diagnosing why your 555 timer circuit isn't blinking correctly, or why your noise maker isn't reaching maximum annoyance levels. It's broken down into the following sections: Other o-scopes may look different, but they should all share a similar set of control and interface mechanisms. Check out the tutorial if you want to learn more! Direct Current (DC) Most scopes produce a two-dimensional graph with time on the x-axis and voltage on the y-axis. A signal (the yellow sine wave in this case) is graphed on a horizontal time axis and a vertical voltage axis. There are also controls to set the trigger on the scope, which helps focus and stabilize the display. In general a scope can measure both time-based and voltage-based characteristics: And the period is the reciprocal of that (number of seconds each repeating waveform takes). The maximum frequency a scope can measure varies, but it's often in the 100's of MHz (1E6 Hz) range. The duration of a wave going from a low point to a high point is called the rise time, and fall time measures the opposite. These characteristics are important when considering how fast a circuit can respond to signals. There are a variety of amplitude measurements including peak-to-peak amplitude, which measures the absolute difference between a high and low voltage point of a signal. Peak amplitude, on the other hand, only measures how high or low a signal is past 0V. These characteristics help define how well you might expect a scope to perform: No scope is perfect though: they all have limits as to how fast they can see a signal change.
The bandwidth of a scope specifies the range of frequencies it can reliably measure. Analog scopes use an electron beam to directly map the input voltage to a display. Digital scopes incorporate microcontrollers, which sample the input signal with an analog-to-digital converter and map that reading to the display. Generally analog scopes are older, have a lower bandwidth, and less features, but they may have a faster response (and look much cooler). Each signal read by a scope is fed into a separate channel. Two to four channel scopes are very common. For scopes that have more than one channel, this value may decrease if multiple channels are in use. The rise time of a scope is very closely related to the bandwidth.Scopes should all be rated with a maximum input voltage. If your signal exceeds that voltage, there's a good chance the scope will be damaged. This value can change as the vertical scale is adjusted. This value is listed in volts per div. This value is listed in seconds per div. Every oscilloscope will add a certain impedance to a circuit it's reading, called the input impedance. The impact of input impedance is more apparent when measuring very high frequency signals, and the probe you use may have to help compensate for it. But you still have to know how to use it.onto the next page! On this page we'll discuss a few of the more common systems of an oscilloscope: the display, horizontal, vertical, trigger, and inputs. The scale of those divisions are modified with the horizontal and vertical systems. The vertical system is measured in “volts per division” and the horizontal is “seconds per division”. Generally, scopes will feature around 8-10 vertical (voltage) divisions, and 10-14 horizontal (seconds) divisions. More modern scopes feature multicolor LCD screens, which are a great help in showing more than one waveform at a time. These buttons can be used to navigate menus and control settings of the scope.
Rotating the knob clockwise will decrease the scale, and counter-clockwise will increase. Fully “zoomed out”, the scope can show a waveform ranging over 40V. (The probe, as we’ll discuss below, can further increase this range.) Rotate the knob clockwise, and the wave will move down, counter-clockwise will move it up the display. You can use the position knob to offset part of a waveform off the screen. So zoomed all the way in on the horizontal scale, the scope can show 28nS of a waveform, and zoomed way out it can show a signal as it changes over 700 seconds. You can zoom out, and show multiple peaks and troughs of a signal: The trigger tells the scope what parts of the signal to “trigger” on and start measuring. If your waveform is periodic, the trigger can be manipulated to keep the display static and unflinching. A poorly triggered wave will produce seizure-inducing sweeping waves like this: The level knob can be twisted to set a trigger to a specific voltage point. Their main purpose is to select the trigger source and mode. There are a variety of trigger types, which manipulate how the trigger is activated: It will key the oscilloscope to start measuring when the signal voltage passes a certain level. An edge trigger can be set to catch on a rising or falling edge (or both). You can specify the duration and direction of the pulse.These waves use a unique synchronizing pattern at the beginning of every frame. In automatic trigger mode, the scope can attempt to draw your waveform even if it doesn’t trigger. Normal mode will only draw your wave if it sees the specified trigger. And single mode looks for your specified trigger, when it sees it it will draw your wave then stop. Probes are single-input devices that route a signal from your circuit to the scope. They have a sharp tip which probes into a point on your circuit. The tip can also be equipped with hooks, tweezers or clips to make latching onto a circuit easier.
Every probe also includes a ground clip, which should be secured safely to a common ground point on the circuit under test. Unfortunately, long wires all have intrinsic inductance, capacitance, and resistance, so, no matter what, they’ll affect scope readings (especially at high frequencies). Most of the “stock” passive probes are attenuated. Attenuating probes have a large resistance intentionally built-in and shunted by a small capacitor, which helps to minimize the effect that a long cable might have on loading your circuit. In series with the input impedance of a scope, this attenuated probe will create a voltage divider between your signal and the scope input. These probes are commonly called 10X attenuated probes. Many probes include a switch to select between 10X and 1X (no attenuation). If you’re trying to measure a very low-voltage signal, you may have to go with a 1X probe. You may also need to select a setting on your scope to tell it you’re using an attenuated probe, although many scopes can automatically detect this. Active probes are powered probes (they require a separate power source), which can amplify your signal or even pre-process it before it get to your scope. While most probes are designed to measure voltage, there are probes designed to measure AC or DC current. Current probes are unique because they often clamp around a wire, never actually making contact with the circuit. But there are some steps you can count on performing just about every time you test a circuit. On this page we'll show an example signal, and the steps required to measure it. For most signals, the simple passive probe included with your scope will work perfectly fine. If you're trying to measure a very low-voltage signal though, you may need to use 1X. Have some patience here, some scopes take as long to boot up as an old PC.
Ignoring those scales for now, make these adjustments to put your scope into a standard setup: Most scopes will have a built-in frequency generator that emits a reliable, set-frequency wave -- on the GA1102CAL there is a 1kHz square wave output at the bottom-right of the front panel. The frequency generator output has two separate conductors -- one for the signal and one for ground. Connect your probe's ground clip to the ground, and the probe tip to the signal output. Try fiddling with the horizontal and vertical system knobs to maneuver the waveform around the screen. You can also use the position knob to further locate your waveform. Make sure the trigger isn't higher than the tallest peak of your waveform. By default, the trigger type should be set to edge, which is usually a good choice for square waves like this. Most probes have a recessed screw head, which you can rotate to adjust the shunt capacitance of the probe. Compensation is only necessary if your probe is attenuated (e.g. 10X), in which case it's critical (especially if you don't know who used your scope last!). Go find a signal source ( frequency generator?, Terror-Min? ) and come back. Clasp your ground clip to a known ground, sometimes you may have to use a small wire to intermediate between the ground clip and your circuit's ground point. Then connect your probe tip to the signal under test. Probe tips exist in a variety of form factors -- the spring-loaded clip, fine point, hooks, etc. -- try to find one that doesn't require you to hold it in place all the time. When probing a circuit that is grounded to mains earth, make sure to connect your ground clip to the side of the circuit connected to mains earth. If the point the ground clip is connected to has a potential voltage difference you will create a direct short and can damage your circuit, your oscilloscope and possibly yourself. For extra safety when testing mains connected circuits, connect it to power through an isolation transformer.
If your signal is purely DC, you may want to adjust the 0V level near the bottom of your display. Edge triggering -- where the scope tries to begin its scan when it sees voltage rise (or fall) past a set point -- is the easiest type to use. Using an edge trigger, try to set the trigger level to a point on your waveform that only sees a rising edge once per period. Some scopes have more measurement tools than others, but they'll all at least have divisions, from which you should be able to at least estimate the amplitude and frequency. To get the most out of your scope, you'll want to explore all of the measure functions it supports. Most scopes will calculate frequency, amplitude, duty cycle, mean voltage, and a variety of other wave characteristics for you automatically. Cursors are on-screen, movable markers which can be placed on either the time or voltage axis. Cursors usually come in pairs, so you can measure the difference between one and the other. Some scopes also support saving, printing, or storing a waveform, so you can recall it and remember those good ol' times when you scoped that signal. If you're still unsure of what certain parts of your scope are for, first consult your user's manual. Here are some additional resources we recommend checking out as well: While it's specific to that scope, it still provides a nice overview of what similar scopes are capable of, and how they work. Need some inspiration. Here are some related tutorials we'd recommend checking out next! Our EAGLE series of tutorials how to use the freely available software to design your own circuit boards. Learn about these signal types and then scope them with your new skills! This device allows you to send analog signal from a digital source, like the I2C interface on the Arduino microcontroller. We'll assemble the board, then discuss some of the details of the circuit.
This hookup guide will go over all of the many available functions and gives the hardware rundown on what exactly is on this board. If you need to uncover information like frequency, noise, amplitude, or any other characteristic that might change over time, you need an oscilloscope! They allow you to see electric signals as they vary over time, which can be critical in diagnosing why your 555 timer circuit isn't blinking correctly, or why your noise maker isn't reaching maximum annoyance levels. It's broken down into the following sections: Other o-scopes may look different, but they should all share a similar set of control and interface mechanisms. Check out the tutorial if you want to learn more! Direct Current (DC) Most scopes produce a two-dimensional graph with time on the x-axis and voltage on the y-axis. A signal (the yellow sine wave in this case) is graphed on a horizontal time axis and a vertical voltage axis. There are also controls to set the trigger on the scope, which helps focus and stabilize the display. In general a scope can measure both time-based and voltage-based characteristics: And the period is the reciprocal of that (number of seconds each repeating waveform takes). The maximum frequency a scope can measure varies, but it's often in the 100's of MHz (1E6 Hz) range. The duration of a wave going from a low point to a high point is called the rise time, and fall time measures the opposite. These characteristics are important when considering how fast a circuit can respond to signals. There are a variety of amplitude measurements including peak-to-peak amplitude, which measures the absolute difference between a high and low voltage point of a signal. Peak amplitude, on the other hand, only measures how high or low a signal is past 0V. These characteristics help define how well you might expect a scope to perform: No scope is perfect though: they all have limits as to how fast they can see a signal change.
The bandwidth of a scope specifies the range of frequencies it can reliably measure. Analog scopes use an electron beam to directly map the input voltage to a display. Digital scopes incorporate microcontrollers, which sample the input signal with an analog-to-digital converter and map that reading to the display. Generally analog scopes are older, have a lower bandwidth, and less features, but they may have a faster response (and look much cooler). Each signal read by a scope is fed into a separate channel. Two to four channel scopes are very common. For scopes that have more than one channel, this value may decrease if multiple channels are in use. The rise time of a scope is very closely related to the bandwidth.Scopes should all be rated with a maximum input voltage. If your signal exceeds that voltage, there's a good chance the scope will be damaged. This value can change as the vertical scale is adjusted. This value is listed in volts per div. This value is listed in seconds per div. Every oscilloscope will add a certain impedance to a circuit it's reading, called the input impedance. The impact of input impedance is more apparent when measuring very high frequency signals, and the probe you use may have to help compensate for it. But you still have to know how to use it.onto the next page! On this page we'll discuss a few of the more common systems of an oscilloscope: the display, horizontal, vertical, trigger, and inputs. The scale of those divisions are modified with the horizontal and vertical systems. The vertical system is measured in “volts per division” and the horizontal is “seconds per division”. Generally, scopes will feature around 8-10 vertical (voltage) divisions, and 10-14 horizontal (seconds) divisions. More modern scopes feature multicolor LCD screens, which are a great help in showing more than one waveform at a time. These buttons can be used to navigate menus and control settings of the scope.
Rotating the knob clockwise will decrease the scale, and counter-clockwise will increase. Fully “zoomed out”, the scope can show a waveform ranging over 40V. (The probe, as we’ll discuss below, can further increase this range.) Rotate the knob clockwise, and the wave will move down, counter-clockwise will move it up the display. You can use the position knob to offset part of a waveform off the screen. So zoomed all the way in on the horizontal scale, the scope can show 28nS of a waveform, and zoomed way out it can show a signal as it changes over 700 seconds. You can zoom out, and show multiple peaks and troughs of a signal: The trigger tells the scope what parts of the signal to “trigger” on and start measuring. If your waveform is periodic, the trigger can be manipulated to keep the display static and unflinching. A poorly triggered wave will produce seizure-inducing sweeping waves like this: The level knob can be twisted to set a trigger to a specific voltage point. Their main purpose is to select the trigger source and mode. There are a variety of trigger types, which manipulate how the trigger is activated: It will key the oscilloscope to start measuring when the signal voltage passes a certain level. An edge trigger can be set to catch on a rising or falling edge (or both). You can specify the duration and direction of the pulse.These waves use a unique synchronizing pattern at the beginning of every frame. In automatic trigger mode, the scope can attempt to draw your waveform even if it doesn’t trigger. Normal mode will only draw your wave if it sees the specified trigger. And single mode looks for your specified trigger, when it sees it it will draw your wave then stop. Probes are single-input devices that route a signal from your circuit to the scope. They have a sharp tip which probes into a point on your circuit. The tip can also be equipped with hooks, tweezers or clips to make latching onto a circuit easier.
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analog oscilloscope manual
If you need to uncover information like frequency, noise, amplitude, or any other characteristic that might change over time, you need an oscilloscope! They allow you to see electric signals as they vary over time, which can be critical in diagnosing why your 555 timer circuit isn't blinking correctly, or why your noise maker isn't reaching maximum annoyance levels. It's broken down into the following sections: Other o-scopes may look different, but they should all share a similar set of control and interface mechanisms. Check out the tutorial if you want to learn more! Direct Current (DC) Most scopes produce a two-dimensional graph with time on the x-axis and voltage on the y-axis. A signal (the yellow sine wave in this case) is graphed on a horizontal time axis and a vertical voltage axis. There are also controls to set the trigger on the scope, which helps focus and stabilize the display. In general a scope can measure both time-based and voltage-based characteristics: And the period is the reciprocal of that (number of seconds each repeating waveform takes). The maximum frequency a scope can measure varies, but it's often in the 100's of MHz (1E6 Hz) range. The duration of a wave going from a low point to a high point is called the rise time, and fall time measures the opposite. These characteristics are important when considering how fast a circuit can respond to signals. There are a variety of amplitude measurements including peak-to-peak amplitude, which measures the absolute difference between a high and low voltage point of a signal. Peak amplitude, on the other hand, only measures how high or low a signal is past 0V. These characteristics help define how well you might expect a scope to perform: No scope is perfect though: they all have limits as to how fast they can see a signal change. The bandwidth of a scope specifies the range of frequencies it can reliably measure. Analog scopes use an electron beam to directly map the input voltage to a display.
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Digital scopes incorporate microcontrollers, which sample the input signal with an analog-to-digital converter and map that reading to the display. Generally analog scopes are older, have a lower bandwidth, and less features, but they may have a faster response (and look much cooler). Each signal read by a scope is fed into a separate channel. Two to four channel scopes are very common. For scopes that have more than one channel, this value may decrease if multiple channels are in use. The rise time of a scope is very closely related to the bandwidth.Scopes should all be rated with a maximum input voltage. If your signal exceeds that voltage, there's a good chance the scope will be damaged. This value can change as the vertical scale is adjusted. This value is listed in volts per div. This value is listed in seconds per div. Every oscilloscope will add a certain impedance to a circuit it's reading, called the input impedance. The impact of input impedance is more apparent when measuring very high frequency signals, and the probe you use may have to help compensate for it. But you still have to know how to use it.onto the next page! On this page we'll discuss a few of the more common systems of an oscilloscope: the display, horizontal, vertical, trigger, and inputs. The scale of those divisions are modified with the horizontal and vertical systems. The vertical system is measured in “volts per division” and the horizontal is “seconds per division”. Generally, scopes will feature around 8-10 vertical (voltage) divisions, and 10-14 horizontal (seconds) divisions. More modern scopes feature multicolor LCD screens, which are a great help in showing more than one waveform at a time. These buttons can be used to navigate menus and control settings of the scope. Rotating the knob clockwise will decrease the scale, and counter-clockwise will increase. Fully “zoomed out”, the scope can show a waveform ranging over 40V.
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(The probe, as we’ll discuss below, can further increase this range.) Rotate the knob clockwise, and the wave will move down, counter-clockwise will move it up the display. You can use the position knob to offset part of a waveform off the screen. So zoomed all the way in on the horizontal scale, the scope can show 28nS of a waveform, and zoomed way out it can show a signal as it changes over 700 seconds. You can zoom out, and show multiple peaks and troughs of a signal: The trigger tells the scope what parts of the signal to “trigger” on and start measuring. If your waveform is periodic, the trigger can be manipulated to keep the display static and unflinching. A poorly triggered wave will produce seizure-inducing sweeping waves like this: The level knob can be twisted to set a trigger to a specific voltage point. Their main purpose is to select the trigger source and mode. There are a variety of trigger types, which manipulate how the trigger is activated: It will key the oscilloscope to start measuring when the signal voltage passes a certain level. An edge trigger can be set to catch on a rising or falling edge (or both). You can specify the duration and direction of the pulse.These waves use a unique synchronizing pattern at the beginning of every frame. In automatic trigger mode, the scope can attempt to draw your waveform even if it doesn’t trigger. Normal mode will only draw your wave if it sees the specified trigger. And single mode looks for your specified trigger, when it sees it it will draw your wave then stop. Probes are single-input devices that route a signal from your circuit to the scope. They have a sharp tip which probes into a point on your circuit. The tip can also be equipped with hooks, tweezers or clips to make latching onto a circuit easier. Every probe also includes a ground clip, which should be secured safely to a common ground point on the circuit under test.
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Unfortunately, long wires all have intrinsic inductance, capacitance, and resistance, so, no matter what, they’ll affect scope readings (especially at high frequencies). Most of the “stock” passive probes are attenuated. Attenuating probes have a large resistance intentionally built-in and shunted by a small capacitor, which helps to minimize the effect that a long cable might have on loading your circuit. In series with the input impedance of a scope, this attenuated probe will create a voltage divider between your signal and the scope input. These probes are commonly called 10X attenuated probes. Many probes include a switch to select between 10X and 1X (no attenuation). If you’re trying to measure a very low-voltage signal, you may have to go with a 1X probe. You may also need to select a setting on your scope to tell it you’re using an attenuated probe, although many scopes can automatically detect this. Active probes are powered probes (they require a separate power source), which can amplify your signal or even pre-process it before it get to your scope. While most probes are designed to measure voltage, there are probes designed to measure AC or DC current. Current probes are unique because they often clamp around a wire, never actually making contact with the circuit. But there are some steps you can count on performing just about every time you test a circuit. On this page we'll show an example signal, and the steps required to measure it. For most signals, the simple passive probe included with your scope will work perfectly fine. If you're trying to measure a very low-voltage signal though, you may need to use 1X. Have some patience here, some scopes take as long to boot up as an old PC.
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Ignoring those scales for now, make these adjustments to put your scope into a standard setup: Most scopes will have a built-in frequency generator that emits a reliable, set-frequency wave -- on the GA1102CAL there is a 1kHz square wave output at the bottom-right of the front panel. The frequency generator output has two separate conductors -- one for the signal and one for ground. Connect your probe's ground clip to the ground, and the probe tip to the signal output. Try fiddling with the horizontal and vertical system knobs to maneuver the waveform around the screen. You can also use the position knob to further locate your waveform. Make sure the trigger isn't higher than the tallest peak of your waveform. By default, the trigger type should be set to edge, which is usually a good choice for square waves like this. Most probes have a recessed screw head, which you can rotate to adjust the shunt capacitance of the probe. Compensation is only necessary if your probe is attenuated (e.g. 10X), in which case it's critical (especially if you don't know who used your scope last!). Go find a signal source ( frequency generator?, Terror-Min? ) and come back. Clasp your ground clip to a known ground, sometimes you may have to use a small wire to intermediate between the ground clip and your circuit's ground point. Then connect your probe tip to the signal under test. Probe tips exist in a variety of form factors -- the spring-loaded clip, fine point, hooks, etc. -- try to find one that doesn't require you to hold it in place all the time. When probing a circuit that is grounded to mains earth, make sure to connect your ground clip to the side of the circuit connected to mains earth. If the point the ground clip is connected to has a potential voltage difference you will create a direct short and can damage your circuit, your oscilloscope and possibly yourself. For extra safety when testing mains connected circuits, connect it to power through an isolation transformer.
If your signal is purely DC, you may want to adjust the 0V level near the bottom of your display. Edge triggering -- where the scope tries to begin its scan when it sees voltage rise (or fall) past a set point -- is the easiest type to use. Using an edge trigger, try to set the trigger level to a point on your waveform that only sees a rising edge once per period. Some scopes have more measurement tools than others, but they'll all at least have divisions, from which you should be able to at least estimate the amplitude and frequency. To get the most out of your scope, you'll want to explore all of the measure functions it supports. Most scopes will calculate frequency, amplitude, duty cycle, mean voltage, and a variety of other wave characteristics for you automatically. Cursors are on-screen, movable markers which can be placed on either the time or voltage axis. Cursors usually come in pairs, so you can measure the difference between one and the other. Some scopes also support saving, printing, or storing a waveform, so you can recall it and remember those good ol' times when you scoped that signal. If you're still unsure of what certain parts of your scope are for, first consult your user's manual. Here are some additional resources we recommend checking out as well: While it's specific to that scope, it still provides a nice overview of what similar scopes are capable of, and how they work. Need some inspiration. Here are some related tutorials we'd recommend checking out next! Our EAGLE series of tutorials how to use the freely available software to design your own circuit boards. Learn about these signal types and then scope them with your new skills! This device allows you to send analog signal from a digital source, like the I2C interface on the Arduino microcontroller. We'll assemble the board, then discuss some of the details of the circuit.
This hookup guide will go over all of the many available functions and gives the hardware rundown on what exactly is on this board. If you need to uncover information like frequency, noise, amplitude, or any other characteristic that might change over time, you need an oscilloscope! They allow you to see electric signals as they vary over time, which can be critical in diagnosing why your 555 timer circuit isn't blinking correctly, or why your noise maker isn't reaching maximum annoyance levels. It's broken down into the following sections: Other o-scopes may look different, but they should all share a similar set of control and interface mechanisms. Check out the tutorial if you want to learn more! Direct Current (DC) Most scopes produce a two-dimensional graph with time on the x-axis and voltage on the y-axis. A signal (the yellow sine wave in this case) is graphed on a horizontal time axis and a vertical voltage axis. There are also controls to set the trigger on the scope, which helps focus and stabilize the display. In general a scope can measure both time-based and voltage-based characteristics: And the period is the reciprocal of that (number of seconds each repeating waveform takes). The maximum frequency a scope can measure varies, but it's often in the 100's of MHz (1E6 Hz) range. The duration of a wave going from a low point to a high point is called the rise time, and fall time measures the opposite. These characteristics are important when considering how fast a circuit can respond to signals. There are a variety of amplitude measurements including peak-to-peak amplitude, which measures the absolute difference between a high and low voltage point of a signal. Peak amplitude, on the other hand, only measures how high or low a signal is past 0V. These characteristics help define how well you might expect a scope to perform: No scope is perfect though: they all have limits as to how fast they can see a signal change.
The bandwidth of a scope specifies the range of frequencies it can reliably measure. Analog scopes use an electron beam to directly map the input voltage to a display. Digital scopes incorporate microcontrollers, which sample the input signal with an analog-to-digital converter and map that reading to the display. Generally analog scopes are older, have a lower bandwidth, and less features, but they may have a faster response (and look much cooler). Each signal read by a scope is fed into a separate channel. Two to four channel scopes are very common. For scopes that have more than one channel, this value may decrease if multiple channels are in use. The rise time of a scope is very closely related to the bandwidth.Scopes should all be rated with a maximum input voltage. If your signal exceeds that voltage, there's a good chance the scope will be damaged. This value can change as the vertical scale is adjusted. This value is listed in volts per div. This value is listed in seconds per div. Every oscilloscope will add a certain impedance to a circuit it's reading, called the input impedance. The impact of input impedance is more apparent when measuring very high frequency signals, and the probe you use may have to help compensate for it. But you still have to know how to use it.onto the next page! On this page we'll discuss a few of the more common systems of an oscilloscope: the display, horizontal, vertical, trigger, and inputs. The scale of those divisions are modified with the horizontal and vertical systems. The vertical system is measured in “volts per division” and the horizontal is “seconds per division”. Generally, scopes will feature around 8-10 vertical (voltage) divisions, and 10-14 horizontal (seconds) divisions. More modern scopes feature multicolor LCD screens, which are a great help in showing more than one waveform at a time. These buttons can be used to navigate menus and control settings of the scope.
Rotating the knob clockwise will decrease the scale, and counter-clockwise will increase. Fully “zoomed out”, the scope can show a waveform ranging over 40V. (The probe, as we’ll discuss below, can further increase this range.) Rotate the knob clockwise, and the wave will move down, counter-clockwise will move it up the display. You can use the position knob to offset part of a waveform off the screen. So zoomed all the way in on the horizontal scale, the scope can show 28nS of a waveform, and zoomed way out it can show a signal as it changes over 700 seconds. You can zoom out, and show multiple peaks and troughs of a signal: The trigger tells the scope what parts of the signal to “trigger” on and start measuring. If your waveform is periodic, the trigger can be manipulated to keep the display static and unflinching. A poorly triggered wave will produce seizure-inducing sweeping waves like this: The level knob can be twisted to set a trigger to a specific voltage point. Their main purpose is to select the trigger source and mode. There are a variety of trigger types, which manipulate how the trigger is activated: It will key the oscilloscope to start measuring when the signal voltage passes a certain level. An edge trigger can be set to catch on a rising or falling edge (or both). You can specify the duration and direction of the pulse.These waves use a unique synchronizing pattern at the beginning of every frame. In automatic trigger mode, the scope can attempt to draw your waveform even if it doesn’t trigger. Normal mode will only draw your wave if it sees the specified trigger. And single mode looks for your specified trigger, when it sees it it will draw your wave then stop. Probes are single-input devices that route a signal from your circuit to the scope. They have a sharp tip which probes into a point on your circuit. The tip can also be equipped with hooks, tweezers or clips to make latching onto a circuit easier.
Every probe also includes a ground clip, which should be secured safely to a common ground point on the circuit under test. Unfortunately, long wires all have intrinsic inductance, capacitance, and resistance, so, no matter what, they’ll affect scope readings (especially at high frequencies). Most of the “stock” passive probes are attenuated. Attenuating probes have a large resistance intentionally built-in and shunted by a small capacitor, which helps to minimize the effect that a long cable might have on loading your circuit. In series with the input impedance of a scope, this attenuated probe will create a voltage divider between your signal and the scope input. These probes are commonly called 10X attenuated probes. Many probes include a switch to select between 10X and 1X (no attenuation). If you’re trying to measure a very low-voltage signal, you may have to go with a 1X probe. You may also need to select a setting on your scope to tell it you’re using an attenuated probe, although many scopes can automatically detect this. Active probes are powered probes (they require a separate power source), which can amplify your signal or even pre-process it before it get to your scope. While most probes are designed to measure voltage, there are probes designed to measure AC or DC current. Current probes are unique because they often clamp around a wire, never actually making contact with the circuit. But there are some steps you can count on performing just about every time you test a circuit. On this page we'll show an example signal, and the steps required to measure it. For most signals, the simple passive probe included with your scope will work perfectly fine. If you're trying to measure a very low-voltage signal though, you may need to use 1X. Have some patience here, some scopes take as long to boot up as an old PC.
Ignoring those scales for now, make these adjustments to put your scope into a standard setup: Most scopes will have a built-in frequency generator that emits a reliable, set-frequency wave -- on the GA1102CAL there is a 1kHz square wave output at the bottom-right of the front panel. The frequency generator output has two separate conductors -- one for the signal and one for ground. Connect your probe's ground clip to the ground, and the probe tip to the signal output. Try fiddling with the horizontal and vertical system knobs to maneuver the waveform around the screen. You can also use the position knob to further locate your waveform. Make sure the trigger isn't higher than the tallest peak of your waveform. By default, the trigger type should be set to edge, which is usually a good choice for square waves like this. Most probes have a recessed screw head, which you can rotate to adjust the shunt capacitance of the probe. Compensation is only necessary if your probe is attenuated (e.g. 10X), in which case it's critical (especially if you don't know who used your scope last!). Go find a signal source ( frequency generator?, Terror-Min? ) and come back. Clasp your ground clip to a known ground, sometimes you may have to use a small wire to intermediate between the ground clip and your circuit's ground point. Then connect your probe tip to the signal under test. Probe tips exist in a variety of form factors -- the spring-loaded clip, fine point, hooks, etc. -- try to find one that doesn't require you to hold it in place all the time. When probing a circuit that is grounded to mains earth, make sure to connect your ground clip to the side of the circuit connected to mains earth. If the point the ground clip is connected to has a potential voltage difference you will create a direct short and can damage your circuit, your oscilloscope and possibly yourself. For extra safety when testing mains connected circuits, connect it to power through an isolation transformer.
If your signal is purely DC, you may want to adjust the 0V level near the bottom of your display. Edge triggering -- where the scope tries to begin its scan when it sees voltage rise (or fall) past a set point -- is the easiest type to use. Using an edge trigger, try to set the trigger level to a point on your waveform that only sees a rising edge once per period. Some scopes have more measurement tools than others, but they'll all at least have divisions, from which you should be able to at least estimate the amplitude and frequency. To get the most out of your scope, you'll want to explore all of the measure functions it supports. Most scopes will calculate frequency, amplitude, duty cycle, mean voltage, and a variety of other wave characteristics for you automatically. Cursors are on-screen, movable markers which can be placed on either the time or voltage axis. Cursors usually come in pairs, so you can measure the difference between one and the other. Some scopes also support saving, printing, or storing a waveform, so you can recall it and remember those good ol' times when you scoped that signal. If you're still unsure of what certain parts of your scope are for, first consult your user's manual. Here are some additional resources we recommend checking out as well: While it's specific to that scope, it still provides a nice overview of what similar scopes are capable of, and how they work. Need some inspiration. Here are some related tutorials we'd recommend checking out next! Our EAGLE series of tutorials how to use the freely available software to design your own circuit boards. Learn about these signal types and then scope them with your new skills! This device allows you to send analog signal from a digital source, like the I2C interface on the Arduino microcontroller. We'll assemble the board, then discuss some of the details of the circuit.
This hookup guide will go over all of the many available functions and gives the hardware rundown on what exactly is on this board. If you need to uncover information like frequency, noise, amplitude, or any other characteristic that might change over time, you need an oscilloscope! They allow you to see electric signals as they vary over time, which can be critical in diagnosing why your 555 timer circuit isn't blinking correctly, or why your noise maker isn't reaching maximum annoyance levels. It's broken down into the following sections: Other o-scopes may look different, but they should all share a similar set of control and interface mechanisms. Check out the tutorial if you want to learn more! Direct Current (DC) Most scopes produce a two-dimensional graph with time on the x-axis and voltage on the y-axis. A signal (the yellow sine wave in this case) is graphed on a horizontal time axis and a vertical voltage axis. There are also controls to set the trigger on the scope, which helps focus and stabilize the display. In general a scope can measure both time-based and voltage-based characteristics: And the period is the reciprocal of that (number of seconds each repeating waveform takes). The maximum frequency a scope can measure varies, but it's often in the 100's of MHz (1E6 Hz) range. The duration of a wave going from a low point to a high point is called the rise time, and fall time measures the opposite. These characteristics are important when considering how fast a circuit can respond to signals. There are a variety of amplitude measurements including peak-to-peak amplitude, which measures the absolute difference between a high and low voltage point of a signal. Peak amplitude, on the other hand, only measures how high or low a signal is past 0V. These characteristics help define how well you might expect a scope to perform: No scope is perfect though: they all have limits as to how fast they can see a signal change.
The bandwidth of a scope specifies the range of frequencies it can reliably measure. Analog scopes use an electron beam to directly map the input voltage to a display. Digital scopes incorporate microcontrollers, which sample the input signal with an analog-to-digital converter and map that reading to the display. Generally analog scopes are older, have a lower bandwidth, and less features, but they may have a faster response (and look much cooler). Each signal read by a scope is fed into a separate channel. Two to four channel scopes are very common. For scopes that have more than one channel, this value may decrease if multiple channels are in use. The rise time of a scope is very closely related to the bandwidth.Scopes should all be rated with a maximum input voltage. If your signal exceeds that voltage, there's a good chance the scope will be damaged. This value can change as the vertical scale is adjusted. This value is listed in volts per div. This value is listed in seconds per div. Every oscilloscope will add a certain impedance to a circuit it's reading, called the input impedance. The impact of input impedance is more apparent when measuring very high frequency signals, and the probe you use may have to help compensate for it. But you still have to know how to use it.onto the next page! On this page we'll discuss a few of the more common systems of an oscilloscope: the display, horizontal, vertical, trigger, and inputs. The scale of those divisions are modified with the horizontal and vertical systems. The vertical system is measured in “volts per division” and the horizontal is “seconds per division”. Generally, scopes will feature around 8-10 vertical (voltage) divisions, and 10-14 horizontal (seconds) divisions. More modern scopes feature multicolor LCD screens, which are a great help in showing more than one waveform at a time. These buttons can be used to navigate menus and control settings of the scope.
Rotating the knob clockwise will decrease the scale, and counter-clockwise will increase. Fully “zoomed out”, the scope can show a waveform ranging over 40V. (The probe, as we’ll discuss below, can further increase this range.) Rotate the knob clockwise, and the wave will move down, counter-clockwise will move it up the display. You can use the position knob to offset part of a waveform off the screen. So zoomed all the way in on the horizontal scale, the scope can show 28nS of a waveform, and zoomed way out it can show a signal as it changes over 700 seconds. You can zoom out, and show multiple peaks and troughs of a signal: The trigger tells the scope what parts of the signal to “trigger” on and start measuring. If your waveform is periodic, the trigger can be manipulated to keep the display static and unflinching. A poorly triggered wave will produce seizure-inducing sweeping waves like this: The level knob can be twisted to set a trigger to a specific voltage point. Their main purpose is to select the trigger source and mode. There are a variety of trigger types, which manipulate how the trigger is activated: It will key the oscilloscope to start measuring when the signal voltage passes a certain level. An edge trigger can be set to catch on a rising or falling edge (or both). You can specify the duration and direction of the pulse.These waves use a unique synchronizing pattern at the beginning of every frame. In automatic trigger mode, the scope can attempt to draw your waveform even if it doesn’t trigger. Normal mode will only draw your wave if it sees the specified trigger. And single mode looks for your specified trigger, when it sees it it will draw your wave then stop. Probes are single-input devices that route a signal from your circuit to the scope. They have a sharp tip which probes into a point on your circuit. The tip can also be equipped with hooks, tweezers or clips to make latching onto a circuit easier.